Simplify 1/(x-3)-1/(x+3)-1/(x-1)+1/(x+1)

$\frac{1}{x - 3} - \frac{1}{x + 3} - \frac{1}{x - 1} + \frac{1}{x + 1}$

Step 1

To write $\frac{1}{x - 3}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{x + 3}{x + 3}$ .

$\frac{1}{x - 3} \cdot \frac{x + 3}{x + 3} - \frac{1}{x + 3} - \frac{1}{x - 1} + \frac{1}{x + 1}$

Step 2

To write $- \frac{1}{x + 3}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{x - 3}{x - 3}$ .

$\frac{1}{x - 3} \cdot \frac{x + 3}{x + 3} - \frac{1}{x + 3} \cdot \frac{x - 3}{x - 3} - \frac{1}{x - 1} + \frac{1}{x + 1}$

Step 3

Write each expression with a common denominator of $(x - 3) (x + 3)$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

Multiply $\frac{1}{x - 3}$ by $\frac{x + 3}{x + 3}$ .

$\frac{x + 3}{(x - 3) (x + 3)} - \frac{1}{x + 3} \cdot \frac{x - 3}{x - 3} - \frac{1}{x - 1} + \frac{1}{x + 1}$

Multiply $\frac{1}{x + 3}$ by $\frac{x - 3}{x - 3}$ .

$\frac{x + 3}{(x - 3) (x + 3)} - \frac{x - 3}{(x + 3) (x - 3)} - \frac{1}{x - 1} + \frac{1}{x + 1}$

Reorder the factors of $(x - 3) (x + 3)$ .

$\frac{x + 3}{(x + 3) (x - 3)} - \frac{x - 3}{(x + 3) (x - 3)} - \frac{1}{x - 1} + \frac{1}{x + 1}$

Step 4

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{x + 3 - (x - 3)}{(x + 3) (x - 3)} - \frac{1}{x - 1} + \frac{1}{x + 1}$

Step 5

Find the common denominator.

Multiply $\frac{x + 3 - (x - 3)}{(x + 3) (x - 3)}$ by $\frac{(x - 1) (x + 1)}{(x - 1) (x + 1)}$ .

$\frac{x + 3 - (x - 3)}{(x + 3) (x - 3)} \cdot \frac{(x - 1) (x + 1)}{(x - 1) (x + 1)} - \frac{1}{x - 1} + \frac{1}{x + 1}$

Multiply $\frac{x + 3 - (x - 3)}{(x + 3) (x - 3)}$ by $\frac{(x - 1) (x + 1)}{(x - 1) (x + 1)}$ .

$\frac{(x + 3 - (x - 3)) ((x - 1) (x + 1))}{(x + 3) (x - 3) ((x - 1) (x + 1))} - \frac{1}{x - 1} + \frac{1}{x + 1}$

Multiply $\frac{1}{x - 1}$ by $\frac{(x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1)}{(x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1)}$ .

$\frac{(x + 3 - (x - 3)) ((x - 1) (x + 1))}{(x + 3) (x - 3) ((x - 1) (x + 1))} - (\frac{1}{x - 1} \cdot \frac{(x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1)}{(x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1)}) + \frac{1}{x + 1}$

Multiply $\frac{1}{x - 1}$ by $\frac{(x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1)}{(x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1)}$ .

$\frac{(x + 3 - (x - 3)) ((x - 1) (x + 1))}{(x + 3) (x - 3) ((x - 1) (x + 1))} - \frac{(x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1)}{(x - 1) ((x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1))} + \frac{1}{x + 1}$

Multiply $\frac{1}{x + 1}$ by $\frac{(x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}$ .

$\frac{(x + 3 - (x - 3)) ((x - 1) (x + 1))}{(x + 3) (x - 3) ((x - 1) (x + 1))} - \frac{(x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1)}{(x - 1) ((x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1))} + \frac{1}{x + 1} \cdot \frac{(x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}$

Multiply $\frac{1}{x + 1}$ by $\frac{(x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}$ .

$\frac{(x + 3 - (x - 3)) ((x - 1) (x + 1))}{(x + 3) (x - 3) ((x - 1) (x + 1))} - \frac{(x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1)}{(x - 1) ((x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1))} + \frac{(x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) ((x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1))}$

Reorder the factors of $(x + 3) (x - 3) ((x - 1) (x + 1))$ .

$\frac{(x + 3 - (x - 3)) ((x - 1) (x + 1))}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)} - \frac{(x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1)}{(x - 1) ((x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1))} + \frac{(x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) ((x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1))}$

Reorder the factors of $(x - 1) ((x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1))$ .

$\frac{(x + 3 - (x - 3)) ((x - 1) (x + 1))}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)} - \frac{(x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)} + \frac{(x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) ((x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1))}$

Reorder the factors of $(x + 1) ((x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1))$ .

$\frac{(x + 3 - (x - 3)) ((x - 1) (x + 1))}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)} - \frac{(x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)} + \frac{(x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Step 6

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{(x + 3 - (x - 3)) ((x - 1) (x + 1)) - (x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Step 7

Simplify each term.

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(x + 3 - x - - 3) ((x - 1) (x + 1)) - (x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 3$ .

$\frac{(x + 3 - x + 3) ((x - 1) (x + 1)) - (x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Combine the opposite terms in $x + 3 - x + 3$ .

Subtract $x$ from $x$ .

$\frac{(0 + 3 + 3) ((x - 1) (x + 1)) - (x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Add $0$ and $3$ .

$\frac{(3 + 3) ((x - 1) (x + 1)) - (x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Add $3$ and $3$ .

$\frac{6 ((x - 1) (x + 1)) - (x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Expand $(x - 1) (x + 1)$ using the FOIL Method.

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{6 (x (x + 1) - 1 (x + 1)) - (x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{6 (x \cdot x + x \cdot 1 - 1 (x + 1)) - (x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{6 (x \cdot x + x \cdot 1 - 1 x - 1 \cdot 1) - (x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Combine the opposite terms in $x \cdot x + x \cdot 1 - 1 x - 1 \cdot 1$ .

Reorder the factors in the terms $x \cdot 1$ and $- 1 x$ .

$\frac{6 (x \cdot x + 1 x - 1 x - 1 \cdot 1) - (x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Subtract $1 x$ from $1 x$ .

$\frac{6 (x \cdot x + 0 - 1 \cdot 1) - (x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Add $x \cdot x$ and $0$ .

$\frac{6 (x \cdot x - 1 \cdot 1) - (x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Simplify each term.

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{6 (x^{2} - 1 \cdot 1) - (x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{6 (x^{2} - 1) - (x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{6 x^{2} + 6 \cdot - 1 - (x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Multiply $6$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - (x + 3) (x - 3) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 + (- x - 1 \cdot 3) (x - 3) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Multiply $- 1$ by $3$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 + (- x - 3) (x - 3) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Expand $(- x - 3) (x - 3)$ using the FOIL Method.

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 + (- x (x - 3) - 3 (x - 3)) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 + (- x \cdot x - x \cdot - 3 - 3 (x - 3)) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 + (- x \cdot x - x \cdot - 3 - 3 x - 3 \cdot - 3) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Simplify and combine like terms.

Simplify each term.

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

Move $x$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 + (- (x \cdot x) - x \cdot - 3 - 3 x - 3 \cdot - 3) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 + (- x^{2} - x \cdot - 3 - 3 x - 3 \cdot - 3) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Multiply $- 3$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 + (- x^{2} + 3 x - 3 x - 3 \cdot - 3) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Multiply $- 3$ by $- 3$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 + (- x^{2} + 3 x - 3 x + 9) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Subtract $3 x$ from $3 x$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 + (- x^{2} + 0 + 9) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Add $- x^{2}$ and $0$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 + (- x^{2} + 9) (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Expand $(- x^{2} + 9) (x + 1)$ using the FOIL Method.

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{2} (x + 1) + 9 (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{2} x - x^{2} \cdot 1 + 9 (x + 1) + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{2} x - x^{2} \cdot 1 + 9 x + 9 \cdot 1 + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Simplify each term.

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

Move $x$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - (x \cdot x^{2}) - x^{2} \cdot 1 + 9 x + 9 \cdot 1 + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - (x^{1} x^{2}) - x^{2} \cdot 1 + 9 x + 9 \cdot 1 + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{1 + 2} - x^{2} \cdot 1 + 9 x + 9 \cdot 1 + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{3} - x^{2} \cdot 1 + 9 x + 9 \cdot 1 + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{3} - x^{2} + 9 x + 9 \cdot 1 + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Multiply $9$ by $1$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{3} - x^{2} + 9 x + 9 + (x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Expand $(x + 3) (x - 3)$ using the FOIL Method.

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{3} - x^{2} + 9 x + 9 + (x (x - 3) + 3 (x - 3)) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{3} - x^{2} + 9 x + 9 + (x \cdot x + x \cdot - 3 + 3 (x - 3)) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{3} - x^{2} + 9 x + 9 + (x \cdot x + x \cdot - 3 + 3 x + 3 \cdot - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Combine the opposite terms in $x \cdot x + x \cdot - 3 + 3 x + 3 \cdot - 3$ .

Reorder the factors in the terms $x \cdot - 3$ and $3 x$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{3} - x^{2} + 9 x + 9 + (x \cdot x - 3 x + 3 x + 3 \cdot - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Add $- 3 x$ and $3 x$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{3} - x^{2} + 9 x + 9 + (x \cdot x + 0 + 3 \cdot - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Add $x \cdot x$ and $0$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{3} - x^{2} + 9 x + 9 + (x \cdot x + 3 \cdot - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Simplify each term.

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{3} - x^{2} + 9 x + 9 + (x^{2} + 3 \cdot - 3) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Multiply $3$ by $- 3$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{3} - x^{2} + 9 x + 9 + (x^{2} - 9) (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Expand $(x^{2} - 9) (x - 1)$ using the FOIL Method.

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{3} - x^{2} + 9 x + 9 + x^{2} (x - 1) - 9 (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{3} - x^{2} + 9 x + 9 + x^{2} x + x^{2} \cdot - 1 - 9 (x - 1)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{3} - x^{2} + 9 x + 9 + x^{2} x + x^{2} \cdot - 1 - 9 x - 9 \cdot - 1}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Simplify each term.

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ .

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{3} - x^{2} + 9 x + 9 + x^{2} x^{1} + x^{2} \cdot - 1 - 9 x - 9 \cdot - 1}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{3} - x^{2} + 9 x + 9 + x^{2 + 1} + x^{2} \cdot - 1 - 9 x - 9 \cdot - 1}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{3} - x^{2} + 9 x + 9 + x^{3} + x^{2} \cdot - 1 - 9 x - 9 \cdot - 1}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Move $- 1$ to the left of $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{3} - x^{2} + 9 x + 9 + x^{3} - 1 \cdot x^{2} - 9 x - 9 \cdot - 1}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Rewrite $- 1 x^{2}$ as $- x^{2}$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{3} - x^{2} + 9 x + 9 + x^{3} - x^{2} - 9 x - 9 \cdot - 1}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Multiply $- 9$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{3} - x^{2} + 9 x + 9 + x^{3} - x^{2} - 9 x + 9}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Step 8

Simplify terms.

Combine the opposite terms in $6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{3} - x^{2} + 9 x + 9 + x^{3} - x^{2} - 9 x + 9$ .

Add $- x^{3}$ and $x^{3}$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{2} + 9 x + 9 + 0 - x^{2} - 9 x + 9}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Add $6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{2} + 9 x + 9$ and $0$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{2} + 9 x + 9 - x^{2} - 9 x + 9}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Subtract $9 x$ from $9 x$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{2} + 9 - x^{2} + 0 + 9}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Add $6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{2} + 9 - x^{2}$ and $0$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} - 6 - x^{2} + 9 - x^{2} + 9}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Subtract $x^{2}$ from $6 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{5 x^{2} - 6 + 9 - x^{2} + 9}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Subtract $x^{2}$ from $5 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{4 x^{2} - 6 + 9 + 9}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Simplify by adding numbers.

Add $- 6$ and $9$ .

$\frac{4 x^{2} + 3 + 9}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Add $3$ and $9$ .

$\frac{4 x^{2} + 12}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Factor $4$ out of $4 x^{2} + 12$ .

Factor $4$ out of $4 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{4 (x^{2}) + 12}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Factor $4$ out of $12$ .

$\frac{4 x^{2} + 4 \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Factor $4$ out of $4 x^{2} + 4 \cdot 3$ .

$\frac{4 (x^{2} + 3)}{(x + 1) (x + 3) (x - 1) (x - 3)}$

Simplify 1/(x-3)-1/(x+3)-1/(x-1)+1/(x+1)

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