Evaluate natural log of e^-3

$\ln (e^{- 3})$

Step 1

Expand $\ln (e^{- 3})$ by moving $- 3$ outside the logarithm.

$- 3 \ln (e)$

Step 2

The natural logarithm of $e$ is $1$ .

$- 3 \cdot 1$

Step 3

Multiply $- 3$ by $1$ .

$- 3$

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