Find All Complex Solutions x^4=1

$x^{4} = 1$

Step 1

Subtract $1$ from both sides of the equation.

$x^{4} - 1 = 0$

Step 2

Factor the left side of the equation.

Rewrite $x^{4}$ as ${(x^{2})}^{2}$ .

${(x^{2})}^{2} - 1 = 0$

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

${(x^{2})}^{2} - 1^{2} = 0$

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = x^{2}$ and $b = 1$ .

$(x^{2} + 1) (x^{2} - 1) = 0$

Simplify.

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$(x^{2} + 1) (x^{2} - 1^{2}) = 0$

Factor.

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = x$ and $b = 1$ .

$(x^{2} + 1) ((x + 1) (x - 1)) = 0$

Remove unnecessary parentheses.

$(x^{2} + 1) (x + 1) (x - 1) = 0$

Step 3

If any individual factor on the left side of the equation is equal to $0$ , the entire expression will be equal to $0$ .

$x^{2} + 1 = 0$

$x + 1 = 0$

$x - 1 = 0$

Step 4

Set $x^{2} + 1$ equal to $0$ and solve for $x$ .

Set $x^{2} + 1$ equal to $0$ .

$x^{2} + 1 = 0$

Solve $x^{2} + 1 = 0$ for $x$ .

Subtract $1$ from both sides of the equation.

$x^{2} = - 1$

Take the specified root of both sides of the equation to eliminate the exponent on the left side.

$x = \pm \sqrt{- 1}$

Rewrite $\sqrt{- 1}$ as $i$ .

$x = \pm i$

The complete solution is the result of both the positive and negative portions of the solution.

First, use the positive value of the $\pm$ to find the first solution.

$x = i$

Next, use the negative value of the $\pm$ to find the second solution.

$x = - i$

The complete solution is the result of both the positive and negative portions of the solution.

$x = i, - i$

Step 5

Set $x + 1$ equal to $0$ and solve for $x$ .

Set $x + 1$ equal to $0$ .

$x + 1 = 0$

Subtract $1$ from both sides of the equation.

$x = - 1$

Step 6

Set $x - 1$ equal to $0$ and solve for $x$ .

Set $x - 1$ equal to $0$ .

$x - 1 = 0$

Add $1$ to both sides of the equation.

$x = 1$

Step 7

The final solution is all the values that make $(x^{2} + 1) (x + 1) (x - 1) = 0$ true.

$x = i, - i, - 1, 1$

Find All Complex Solutions x^4=1

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