Find the Roots (Zeros) x^4-2x^3-2x^2-2x-3

$x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 2 x - 3$

Step 1

Set $x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 2 x - 3$ equal to $0$ .

$x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 2 x - 3 = 0$

Step 2

Solve for $x$ .

Factor the left side of the equation.

Regroup terms.

$- 2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} + x^{4} - 2 x - 3 = 0$

Factor $- 2 x^{2}$ out of $- 2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2}$ .

Factor $- 2 x^{2}$ out of $- 2 x^{3}$ .

$- 2 x^{2} x - 2 x^{2} + x^{4} - 2 x - 3 = 0$

Factor $- 2 x^{2}$ out of $- 2 x^{2}$ .

$- 2 x^{2} x - 2 x^{2} \cdot 1 + x^{4} - 2 x - 3 = 0$

Factor $- 2 x^{2}$ out of $- 2 x^{2} (x) - 2 x^{2} (1)$ .

$- 2 x^{2} (x + 1) + x^{4} - 2 x - 3 = 0$

Factor $x^{4} - 2 x - 3$ using the rational roots test.

If a polynomial function has integer coefficients, then every rational zero will have the form $\frac{p}{q}$ where $p$ is a factor of the constant and $q$ is a factor of the leading coefficient.

$p = \pm 1, \pm 3 q = \pm 1$

Find every combination of $\pm \frac{p}{q}$ . These are the possible roots of the polynomial function.

$\pm 1, \pm 3$

Substitute $- 1$ and simplify the expression. In this case, the expression is equal to $0$ so $- 1$ is a root of the polynomial.

Substitute $- 1$ into the polynomial.

${(- 1)}^{4} - 2 \cdot - 1 - 3$

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $4$ .

$1 - 2 \cdot - 1 - 3$

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 1$ .

$1 + 2 - 3$

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$3 - 3$

Subtract $3$ from $3$ .

$0$

Since $- 1$ is a known root, divide the polynomial by $x + 1$ to find the quotient polynomial. This polynomial can then be used to find the remaining roots.

$\frac{x^{4} - 2 x - 3}{x + 1}$

Divide $x^{4} - 2 x - 3$ by $x + 1$ .

Set up the polynomials to be divided. If there is not a term for every exponent, insert one with a value of $0$ .

$x$

$1$

$x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$3$

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $x^{4}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

$x^{3}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$3$

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{3}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$3$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $x^{4} + x^{3}$

$x^{3}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$3$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{3}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$3$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$x^{3}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$3$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $- x^{3}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$3$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$3$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $- x^{3} - x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$3$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$3$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$3$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$2 x$

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $x^{2}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$3$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$2 x$

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$3$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$2 x$

$x^{2}$

$x$

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $x^{2} + x$

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$3$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$2 x$

$x^{2}$

$x$

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$3$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$2 x$

$x^{2}$

$x$

$3 x$

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$3$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$2 x$

$x^{2}$

$x$

$3 x$

$3$

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $- 3 x$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$x$

$3$

$x$

$1$

$x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$3$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$2 x$

$x^{2}$

$x$

$3 x$

$3$

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

				$x^{3}$	-	$x^{2}$	+	$x$	-	$3$
$x$	+	$1$		$x^{4}$	+	$0 x^{3}$	+	$0 x^{2}$	-	$2 x$	-	$3$
			-	$x^{4}$	-	$x^{3}$
					-	$x^{3}$	+	$0 x^{2}$
					+	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$
							+	$x^{2}$	-	$2 x$
							-	$x^{2}$	-	$x$
									-	$3 x$	-	$3$
									-	$3 x$	-	$3$

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $- 3 x - 3$

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$x$

$3$

$x$

$1$

$x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$3$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$2 x$

$x^{2}$

$x$

$3 x$

$3$

$3 x$

$3$

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$x$

$3$

$x$

$1$

$x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$3$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$2 x$

$x^{2}$

$x$

$3 x$

$3$

$3 x$

$3$

$0$

Since the remander is $0$ , the final answer is the quotient.

$x^{3} - x^{2} + x - 3$

Write $x^{4} - 2 x - 3$ as a set of factors.

$- 2 x^{2} (x + 1) + (x + 1) (x^{3} - x^{2} + x - 3) = 0$

Factor $x + 1$ out of $- 2 x^{2} (x + 1) + (x + 1) (x^{3} - x^{2} + x - 3)$ .

Factor $x + 1$ out of $- 2 x^{2} (x + 1)$ .

$(x + 1) (- 2 x^{2}) + (x + 1) (x^{3} - x^{2} + x - 3) = 0$

Factor $x + 1$ out of $(x + 1) (- 2 x^{2}) + (x + 1) (x^{3} - x^{2} + x - 3)$ .

$(x + 1) (- 2 x^{2} + x^{3} - x^{2} + x - 3) = 0$

Subtract $x^{2}$ from $- 2 x^{2}$ .

$(x + 1) (x^{3} - 3 x^{2} + x - 3) = 0$

Factor.

Rewrite $x^{3} - 3 x^{2} + x - 3$ in a factored form.

Factor out the greatest common factor from each group.

Group the first two terms and the last two terms.

$(x + 1) ((x^{3} - 3 x^{2}) + x - 3) = 0$

Factor out the greatest common factor (GCF) from each group.

$(x + 1) (x^{2} (x - 3) + 1 (x - 3)) = 0$

Factor the polynomial by factoring out the greatest common factor, $x - 3$ .

$(x + 1) ((x - 3) (x^{2} + 1)) = 0$

Remove unnecessary parentheses.

$(x + 1) (x - 3) (x^{2} + 1) = 0$

If any individual factor on the left side of the equation is equal to $0$ , the entire expression will be equal to $0$ .

$x + 1 = 0$

$x - 3 = 0$

$x^{2} + 1 = 0$

Set $x + 1$ equal to $0$ and solve for $x$ .

Set $x + 1$ equal to $0$ .

$x + 1 = 0$

Subtract $1$ from both sides of the equation.

$x = - 1$

Set $x - 3$ equal to $0$ and solve for $x$ .

Set $x - 3$ equal to $0$ .

$x - 3 = 0$

Add $3$ to both sides of the equation.

$x = 3$

Set $x^{2} + 1$ equal to $0$ and solve for $x$ .

Set $x^{2} + 1$ equal to $0$ .

$x^{2} + 1 = 0$

Solve $x^{2} + 1 = 0$ for $x$ .

Subtract $1$ from both sides of the equation.

$x^{2} = - 1$

Take the specified root of both sides of the equation to eliminate the exponent on the left side.

$x = \pm \sqrt{- 1}$

Rewrite $\sqrt{- 1}$ as $i$ .

$x = \pm i$

The complete solution is the result of both the positive and negative portions of the solution.

First, use the positive value of the $\pm$ to find the first solution.

$x = i$

Next, use the negative value of the $\pm$ to find the second solution.

$x = - i$

The complete solution is the result of both the positive and negative portions of the solution.

$x = i, - i$

The final solution is all the values that make $(x + 1) (x - 3) (x^{2} + 1) = 0$ true.

$x = - 1, 3, i, - i$

Step 3

Find the Roots (Zeros) x^4-2x^3-2x^2-2x-3

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