Find the Sample Standard Deviation 10 12 , 8 , 2

$10$ $12$ , $8$ , $2$

Step 1

Find the mean.

The mean of a set of numbers is the sum divided by the number of terms.

$\overline{x} = \frac{10 + 12 + 8 + 2}{4}$

Cancel the common factor of $10 + 12 + 8 + 2$ and $4$ .

Factor $2$ out of $10$ .

$\overline{x} = \frac{2 \cdot 5 + 12 + 8 + 2}{4}$

Factor $2$ out of $12$ .

$\overline{x} = \frac{2 \cdot 5 + 2 \cdot 6 + 8 + 2}{4}$

Factor $2$ out of $2 \cdot 5 + 2 \cdot 6$ .

$\overline{x} = \frac{2 \cdot (5 + 6) + 8 + 2}{4}$

Factor $2$ out of $8$ .

$\overline{x} = \frac{2 \cdot (5 + 6) + 2 \cdot 4 + 2}{4}$

Factor $2$ out of $2 \cdot (5 + 6) + 2 (4)$ .

$\overline{x} = \frac{2 \cdot (5 + 6 + 4) + 2}{4}$

Factor $2$ out of $2$ .

$\overline{x} = \frac{2 \cdot (5 + 6 + 4) + 2 (1)}{4}$

Factor $2$ out of $2 \cdot (5 + 6 + 4) + 2 (1)$ .

$\overline{x} = \frac{2 \cdot (5 + 6 + 4 + 1)}{4}$

Cancel the common factors.

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$\overline{x} = \frac{2 \cdot (5 + 6 + 4 + 1)}{2 (2)}$

Cancel the common factor.

$\overline{x} = \frac{2 \cdot (5 + 6 + 4 + 1)}{2 \cdot 2}$

Rewrite the expression.

$\overline{x} = \frac{5 + 6 + 4 + 1}{2}$

Simplify the numerator.

Add $5$ and $6$ .

$\overline{x} = \frac{11 + 4 + 1}{2}$

Add $11$ and $4$ .

$\overline{x} = \frac{15 + 1}{2}$

Add $15$ and $1$ .

$\overline{x} = \frac{16}{2}$

Divide $16$ by $2$ .

$\overline{x} = 8$

Step 2

Simplify each value in the list.

Convert $10$ to a decimal value.

$10$

Convert $12$ to a decimal value.

$12$

Convert $8$ to a decimal value.

$8$

Convert $2$ to a decimal value.

$2$

The simplified values are $10, 12, 8, 2$ .

$10, 12, 8, 2$

Step 3

Set up the formula for sample standard deviation. The standard deviation of a set of values is a measure of the spread of its values.

$s = \sum_{i = 1}^{n} \sqrt{\frac{{(x_{i} - x_{a v g})}^{2}}{n - 1}}$

Step 4

Set up the formula for standard deviation for this set of numbers.

$s = \sqrt{\frac{{(10 - 8)}^{2} + {(12 - 8)}^{2} + {(8 - 8)}^{2} + {(2 - 8)}^{2}}{4 - 1}}$

Step 5

Simplify the result.

Subtract $8$ from $10$ .

$s = \sqrt{\frac{2^{2} + {(12 - 8)}^{2} + {(8 - 8)}^{2} + {(2 - 8)}^{2}}{4 - 1}}$

Raise $2$ to the power of $2$ .

$s = \sqrt{\frac{4 + {(12 - 8)}^{2} + {(8 - 8)}^{2} + {(2 - 8)}^{2}}{4 - 1}}$

Subtract $8$ from $12$ .

$s = \sqrt{\frac{4 + 4^{2} + {(8 - 8)}^{2} + {(2 - 8)}^{2}}{4 - 1}}$

Raise $4$ to the power of $2$ .

$s = \sqrt{\frac{4 + 16 + {(8 - 8)}^{2} + {(2 - 8)}^{2}}{4 - 1}}$

Subtract $8$ from $8$ .

$s = \sqrt{\frac{4 + 16 + 0^{2} + {(2 - 8)}^{2}}{4 - 1}}$

Raising $0$ to any positive power yields $0$ .

$s = \sqrt{\frac{4 + 16 + 0 + {(2 - 8)}^{2}}{4 - 1}}$

Subtract $8$ from $2$ .

$s = \sqrt{\frac{4 + 16 + 0 + {(- 6)}^{2}}{4 - 1}}$

Raise $- 6$ to the power of $2$ .

$s = \sqrt{\frac{4 + 16 + 0 + 36}{4 - 1}}$

Add $4$ and $16$ .

$s = \sqrt{\frac{20 + 0 + 36}{4 - 1}}$

Add $20$ and $0$ .

$s = \sqrt{\frac{20 + 36}{4 - 1}}$

Add $20$ and $36$ .

$s = \sqrt{\frac{56}{4 - 1}}$

Subtract $1$ from $4$ .

$s = \sqrt{\frac{56}{3}}$

Rewrite $\sqrt{\frac{56}{3}}$ as $\frac{\sqrt{56}}{\sqrt{3}}$ .

$s = \frac{\sqrt{56}}{\sqrt{3}}$

Simplify the numerator.

Rewrite $56$ as $2^{2} \cdot 14$ .

Factor $4$ out of $56$ .

$s = \frac{\sqrt{4 (14)}}{\sqrt{3}}$

Rewrite $4$ as $2^{2}$ .

$s = \frac{\sqrt{2^{2} \cdot 14}}{\sqrt{3}}$

Pull terms out from under the radical.

$s = \frac{2 \sqrt{14}}{\sqrt{3}}$

Multiply $\frac{2 \sqrt{14}}{\sqrt{3}}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{3}}$ .

$s = \frac{2 \sqrt{14}}{\sqrt{3}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{3}}$

Combine and simplify the denominator.

Multiply $\frac{2 \sqrt{14}}{\sqrt{3}}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{3}}$ .

$s = \frac{2 \sqrt{14} \sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{3} \sqrt{3}}$

Raise $\sqrt{3}$ to the power of $1$ .

$s = \frac{2 \sqrt{14} \sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{3} \sqrt{3}}$

Raise $\sqrt{3}$ to the power of $1$ .

$s = \frac{2 \sqrt{14} \sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{3} \sqrt{3}}$

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$s = \frac{2 \sqrt{14} \sqrt{3}}{{\sqrt{3}}^{1 + 1}}$

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$s = \frac{2 \sqrt{14} \sqrt{3}}{{\sqrt{3}}^{2}}$

Rewrite ${\sqrt{3}}^{2}$ as $3$ .

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{3}$ as $3^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$s = \frac{2 \sqrt{14} \sqrt{3}}{{(3^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$s = \frac{2 \sqrt{14} \sqrt{3}}{3^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2}}$

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $2$ .

$s = \frac{2 \sqrt{14} \sqrt{3}}{3^{\frac{2}{2}}}$

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

Cancel the common factor.

$s = \frac{2 \sqrt{14} \sqrt{3}}{3^{\frac{2}{2}}}$

Rewrite the expression.

$s = \frac{2 \sqrt{14} \sqrt{3}}{3}$

Evaluate the exponent.

$s = \frac{2 \sqrt{14} \sqrt{3}}{3}$

Simplify the numerator.

Combine using the product rule for radicals.

$s = \frac{2 \sqrt{3 \cdot 14}}{3}$

Multiply $3$ by $14$ .

$s = \frac{2 \sqrt{42}}{3}$

Step 6

The standard deviation should be rounded to one more decimal place than the original data. If the original data were mixed, round to one decimal place more than the least precise.

$4.3$

Find the Sample Standard Deviation 10 12 , 8 , 2

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