Simplify (x+1)/(2x-2)-(x-1)/(2x+2)-2/(1-x^2)

$\frac{x + 1}{2 x - 2} - \frac{x - 1}{2 x + 2} - \frac{2}{1 - x^{2}}$

Step 1

Simplify each term.

Factor $2$ out of $2 x - 2$ .

Factor $2$ out of $2 x$ .

$\frac{x + 1}{2 (x) - 2} - \frac{x - 1}{2 x + 2} - \frac{2}{1 - x^{2}}$

Factor $2$ out of $- 2$ .

$\frac{x + 1}{2 (x) + 2 (- 1)} - \frac{x - 1}{2 x + 2} - \frac{2}{1 - x^{2}}$

Factor $2$ out of $2 (x) + 2 (- 1)$ .

$\frac{x + 1}{2 (x - 1)} - \frac{x - 1}{2 x + 2} - \frac{2}{1 - x^{2}}$

Factor $2$ out of $2 x + 2$ .

Factor $2$ out of $2 x$ .

$\frac{x + 1}{2 (x - 1)} - \frac{x - 1}{2 (x) + 2} - \frac{2}{1 - x^{2}}$

Factor $2$ out of $2$ .

$\frac{x + 1}{2 (x - 1)} - \frac{x - 1}{2 (x) + 2 (1)} - \frac{2}{1 - x^{2}}$

Factor $2$ out of $2 (x) + 2 (1)$ .

$\frac{x + 1}{2 (x - 1)} - \frac{x - 1}{2 (x + 1)} - \frac{2}{1 - x^{2}}$

Simplify the denominator.

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$\frac{x + 1}{2 (x - 1)} - \frac{x - 1}{2 (x + 1)} - \frac{2}{1^{2} - x^{2}}$

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = 1$ and $b = x$ .

$\frac{x + 1}{2 (x - 1)} - \frac{x - 1}{2 (x + 1)} - \frac{2}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$

Step 2

Find the common denominator.

Multiply $\frac{x + 1}{2 (x - 1)}$ by $\frac{{(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x)}{{(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x)}$ .

$\frac{x + 1}{2 (x - 1)} \cdot \frac{{(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x)}{{(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x)} - \frac{x - 1}{2 (x + 1)} - \frac{2}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$

Multiply $\frac{x + 1}{2 (x - 1)}$ by $\frac{{(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x)}{{(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x)}$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 (x - 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))} - \frac{x - 1}{2 (x + 1)} - \frac{2}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$

Multiply $\frac{x - 1}{2 (x + 1)}$ by $\frac{- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x)}{- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x)}$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 (x - 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))} - (\frac{x - 1}{2 (x + 1)} \cdot \frac{- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x)}{- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x)}) - \frac{2}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$

Multiply $\frac{x - 1}{2 (x + 1)}$ by $\frac{- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x)}{- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x)}$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 (x - 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - \frac{2}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$

Multiply $\frac{2}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$ by $\frac{2 (x - 1) (x + 1)}{2 (x - 1) (x + 1)}$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 (x - 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - (\frac{2}{(1 + x) (1 - x)} \cdot \frac{2 (x - 1) (x + 1)}{2 (x - 1) (x + 1)})$

Multiply $\frac{2}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$ by $\frac{2 (x - 1) (x + 1)}{2 (x - 1) (x + 1)}$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 (x - 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Reorder the factors of $2 (x - 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x) (x - 1)} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Rewrite $1$ as $- 1 (- 1)$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} (- 1 (- 1) - x) (x - 1)} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Factor $- 1$ out of $- x$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} (- 1 (- 1) - (x)) (x - 1)} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 1 (- 1) - (x)$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} (- 1 (- 1 + x)) (x - 1)} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Reorder terms.

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} \cdot - 1 (x - 1) (x - 1)} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Raise $x - 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} \cdot - 1 ({(x - 1)}^{1} (x - 1))} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Raise $x - 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} \cdot - 1 ({(x - 1)}^{1} {(x - 1)}^{1})} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} \cdot - 1 {(x - 1)}^{1 + 1}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} \cdot - 1 {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Reorder the factors of $2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 1 \cdot 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x) (x + 1)} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x) (x + 1)} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Reorder terms.

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (x + 1) (x + 1)} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Raise $x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} ({(x + 1)}^{1} (x + 1))} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Raise $x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} ({(x + 1)}^{1} {(x + 1)}^{1})} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{1 + 1}} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Reorder the factors of $(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{2 (1 + x) (1 - x) (x + 1) (x - 1)}$

Reorder terms.

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{2 (x + 1) (1 - x) (x + 1) (x - 1)}$

Raise $x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{2 ({(x + 1)}^{1} (x + 1)) (1 - x) (x - 1)}$

Raise $x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{1 + 1} (1 - x) (x - 1)}$

Add $1$ and $1$ .

Rewrite $1$ as $- 1 (- 1)$ .

Factor $- 1$ out of $- x$ .

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 1 (- 1) - (x)$ .

Reorder terms.

Raise $x - 1$ to the power of $1$ .

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

Add $1$ and $1$ .

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x)) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4

Simplify each term.

Multiply $x + 1$ by ${(x + 1)}^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

Move ${(x + 1)}^{2}$ .

$\frac{{(x + 1)}^{2} (x + 1) (1 - x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply ${(x + 1)}^{2}$ by $x + 1$ .

Raise $x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{{(x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{1} (1 - x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{{(x + 1)}^{2 + 1} (1 - x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$\frac{{(x + 1)}^{3} (1 - x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Use the Binomial Theorem.

$\frac{(x^{3} + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 + 3 x \cdot 1^{2} + 1^{3}) (1 - x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Simplify each term.

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(x^{3} + 3 x^{2} + 3 x \cdot 1^{2} + 1^{3}) (1 - x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

One to any power is one.

$\frac{(x^{3} + 3 x^{2} + 3 x \cdot 1 + 1^{3}) (1 - x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(x^{3} + 3 x^{2} + 3 x + 1^{3}) (1 - x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

One to any power is one.

$\frac{(x^{3} + 3 x^{2} + 3 x + 1) (1 - x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Expand $(x^{3} + 3 x^{2} + 3 x + 1) (1 - x)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$\frac{x^{3} \cdot 1 + x^{3} (- x) + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} (- x) + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Simplify each term.

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{3} + x^{3} (- x) + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} (- x) + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{3} x + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} (- x) + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

Move $x$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - (x \cdot x^{3}) + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} (- x) + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $x$ by $x^{3}$ .

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - (x^{1} x^{3}) + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} (- x) + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{1 + 3} + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} (- x) + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Add $1$ and $3$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} (- x) + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} + 3 x^{2} (- x) + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} + 3 \cdot - 1 x^{2} x + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

Move $x$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} + 3 \cdot - 1 (x \cdot x^{2}) + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} + 3 \cdot - 1 (x^{1} x^{2}) + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} + 3 \cdot - 1 x^{1 + 2} + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} + 3 \cdot - 1 x^{3} + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{3} + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{3} + 3 x + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{3} + 3 x + 3 \cdot - 1 x \cdot x + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

Move $x$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{3} + 3 x + 3 \cdot - 1 (x \cdot x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{3} + 3 x + 3 \cdot - 1 x^{2} + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{3} + 3 x - 3 x^{2} + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{3} + 3 x - 3 x^{2} + 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $- x$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{3} + 3 x - 3 x^{2} + 1 - x - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Combine the opposite terms in $x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{3} + 3 x - 3 x^{2} + 1 - x$ .

Subtract $3 x^{2}$ from $3 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} - 3 x^{3} + 3 x + 0 + 1 - x - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Add $x^{3} - x^{4} - 3 x^{3} + 3 x$ and $0$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} - 3 x^{3} + 3 x + 1 - x - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Subtract $3 x^{3}$ from $x^{3}$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 3 x + 1 - x - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Subtract $x$ from $3 x$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 ((2 x + 2 \cdot - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 ((2 x - 2) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Expand $(2 x - 2) (x + 1)$ using the FOIL Method.

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 (2 x (x + 1) - 2 (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 (2 x \cdot x + 2 x \cdot 1 - 2 (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 (2 x \cdot x + 2 x \cdot 1 - 2 x - 2 \cdot 1)}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Simplify and combine like terms.

Simplify each term.

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

Move $x$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 (2 (x \cdot x) + 2 x \cdot 1 - 2 x - 2 \cdot 1)}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 (2 x^{2} + 2 x \cdot 1 - 2 x - 2 \cdot 1)}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 (2 x^{2} + 2 x - 2 x - 2 \cdot 1)}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 (2 x^{2} + 2 x - 2 x - 2)}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Subtract $2 x$ from $2 x$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 (2 x^{2} + 0 - 2)}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Add $2 x^{2}$ and $0$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 (2 x^{2} - 2)}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 (2 x^{2}) - 2 \cdot - 2}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $2$ by $- 2$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 4 x^{2} - 2 \cdot - 2}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 2$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 4 x^{2} + 4}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5

Simplify the expression.

Add $1$ and $4$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 4 x^{2} + 5}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Move $2 x$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 6

Simplify each term.

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{(2) {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Cancel the common factor of ${(- x + 1)}^{2}$ .

Cancel the common factor.

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Rewrite the expression.

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 (1 + x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Cancel the common factor of $1 + x$ and ${(x + 1)}^{2}$ .

Reorder terms.

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Factor $x + 1$ out of $- (x - 1) (- 1 (x + 1))$ .

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(x + 1) (- (x - 1) \cdot (- 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Cancel the common factors.

Factor $x + 1$ out of $- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2}$ .

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(x + 1) (- (x - 1) \cdot (- 1))}{(x + 1) (- 2 (x + 1))}$

Cancel the common factor.

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(x + 1) (- (x - 1) \cdot (- 1))}{(x + 1) (- 2 (x + 1))}$

Rewrite the expression.

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) \cdot (- 1)}{- 2 (x + 1)}$

Simplify the numerator.

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{1 (x - 1)}{- 2 (x + 1)}$

Multiply $x - 1$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{x - 1}{- 2 (x + 1)}$

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{x - 1}{2 (x + 1)}$

Step 7

To write $- \frac{x - 1}{2 (x + 1)}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{(x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2}}{(x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2}}$ .

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{x - 1}{2 (x + 1)} \cdot \frac{(x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2}}{(x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 8

Write each expression with a common denominator of $2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

Multiply $\frac{x - 1}{2 (x + 1)}$ by $\frac{(x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2}}{(x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2}}$ .

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 (x + 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}$

Raise $x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 ({(x + 1)}^{1} (x + 1)) {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Raise $x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 ({(x + 1)}^{1} {(x + 1)}^{1}) {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 {(x + 1)}^{1 + 1} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 9

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{- (- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5) - (x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10

Simplify the numerator.

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{- - x^{4} - (- 2 x^{3}) - (- 4 x^{2}) - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 5 - (x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Simplify.

Multiply $- - x^{4}$ .

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1 x^{4} - (- 2 x^{3}) - (- 4 x^{2}) - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 5 - (x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} - (- 2 x^{3}) - (- 4 x^{2}) - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 5 - (x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - (- 4 x^{2}) - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 5 - (x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $- 4$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 5 - (x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 1 \cdot 5 - (x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $- 1$ by $5$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - (x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $x - 1$ by ${(x - 1)}^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

Move ${(x - 1)}^{2}$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - ({(x - 1)}^{2} (x - 1)) (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply ${(x - 1)}^{2}$ by $x - 1$ .

Raise $x - 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - ({(x - 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{1}) (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - {(x - 1)}^{2 + 1} (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - {(x - 1)}^{3} (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Use the Binomial Theorem.

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - (x^{3} + 3 x^{2} \cdot - 1 + 3 x {(- 1)}^{2} + {(- 1)}^{3}) (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Simplify each term.

Multiply $- 1$ by $3$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - (x^{3} - 3 x^{2} + 3 x {(- 1)}^{2} + {(- 1)}^{3}) (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $2$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - (x^{3} - 3 x^{2} + 3 x \cdot 1 + {(- 1)}^{3}) (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - (x^{3} - 3 x^{2} + 3 x + {(- 1)}^{3}) (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $3$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - (x^{3} - 3 x^{2} + 3 x - 1) (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 + (- x^{3} - (- 3 x^{2}) - (3 x) - - 1) (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Simplify.

Multiply $- 3$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 + (- x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - (3 x) - - 1) (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 + (- x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x - - 1) (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 + (- x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x + 1) (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Expand $(- x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x + 1) (x + 1)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{3} x - x^{3} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} x + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 - 3 x \cdot x - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Simplify each term.

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

Move $x$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - (x \cdot x^{3}) - x^{3} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} x + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 - 3 x \cdot x - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $x$ by $x^{3}$ .

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - (x^{1} x^{3}) - x^{3} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} x + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 - 3 x \cdot x - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{1 + 3} - x^{3} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} x + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 - 3 x \cdot x - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Add $1$ and $3$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} x + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 - 3 x \cdot x - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{2} x + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 - 3 x \cdot x - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

Move $x$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 (x \cdot x^{2}) + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 - 3 x \cdot x - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 (x^{1} x^{2}) + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 - 3 x \cdot x - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{1 + 2} + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 - 3 x \cdot x - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{3} + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 - 3 x \cdot x - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x \cdot x - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

Move $x$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - 3 (x \cdot x) - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{2} - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $- 3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{2} - 3 x + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $x$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{2} - 3 x + x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{2} - 3 x + x + 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Combine the opposite terms in $- x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{2} - 3 x + x + 1$ .

Subtract $3 x^{2}$ from $3 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{3} + 0 - 3 x + x + 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Add $- x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{3}$ and $0$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{3} - 3 x + x + 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Add $- x^{3}$ and $3 x^{3}$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 3 x + x + 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Add $- 3 x$ and $x$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 2 x + 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Subtract $x^{4}$ from $x^{4}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 + 0 + 2 x^{3} - 2 x + 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Add $2 x^{3}$ and $0$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 + 2 x^{3} - 2 x + 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Add $2 x^{3}$ and $2 x^{3}$ .

$\frac{4 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - 2 x + 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Subtract $2 x$ from $- 2 x$ .

$\frac{4 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 4 x - 5 + 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Add $- 5$ and $1$ .

$\frac{4 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 4 x - 4}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Rewrite $4 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 4 x - 4$ in a factored form.

Factor $4$ out of $4 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 4 x - 4$ .

Factor $4$ out of $4 x^{3}$ .

$\frac{4 (x^{3}) + 4 x^{2} - 4 x - 4}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Factor $4$ out of $4 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{4 (x^{3}) + 4 (x^{2}) - 4 x - 4}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Factor $4$ out of $- 4 x$ .

$\frac{4 (x^{3}) + 4 (x^{2}) + 4 (- x) - 4}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Factor $4$ out of $- 4$ .

$\frac{4 (x^{3}) + 4 (x^{2}) + 4 (- x) + 4 (- 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Factor $4$ out of $4 (x^{3}) + 4 (x^{2})$ .

$\frac{4 (x^{3} + x^{2}) + 4 (- x) + 4 (- 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Factor $4$ out of $4 (x^{3} + x^{2}) + 4 (- x)$ .

$\frac{4 (x^{3} + x^{2} - x) + 4 (- 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Factor $4$ out of $4 (x^{3} + x^{2} - x) + 4 (- 1)$ .

$\frac{4 (x^{3} + x^{2} - x - 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Factor out the greatest common factor from each group.

Group the first two terms and the last two terms.

$\frac{4 ((x^{3} + x^{2}) - x - 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Factor out the greatest common factor (GCF) from each group.

$\frac{4 (x^{2} (x + 1) - (x + 1))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Factor the polynomial by factoring out the greatest common factor, $x + 1$ .

$\frac{4 ((x + 1) (x^{2} - 1))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$\frac{4 ((x + 1) (x^{2} - 1^{2}))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = x$ and $b = 1$ .

$\frac{4 ((x + 1) (x + 1) (x - 1))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Combine exponents.

Raise $x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{4 ({(x + 1)}^{1} (x + 1) (x - 1))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Raise $x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{4 ({(x + 1)}^{1} {(x + 1)}^{1} (x - 1))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{4 ({(x + 1)}^{1 + 1} (x - 1))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{4 ({(x + 1)}^{2} (x - 1))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

$\frac{4 {(x + 1)}^{2} (x - 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 11

Reduce the expression by cancelling the common factors.

Cancel the common factor of $4$ and $2$ .

Factor $2$ out of $4 {(x + 1)}^{2} (x - 1)$ .

$\frac{2 (2 {(x + 1)}^{2} (x - 1))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Cancel the common factors.

Factor $2$ out of $2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 (2 {(x + 1)}^{2} (x - 1))}{2 ({(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2})}$

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 (2 {(x + 1)}^{2} (x - 1))}{2 ({(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2})}$

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} (x - 1)}{{(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Cancel the common factor of ${(x + 1)}^{2}$ .

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} (x - 1)}{{(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{2 (x - 1)}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Cancel the common factor of $x - 1$ and ${(x - 1)}^{2}$ .

Factor $x - 1$ out of $2 (x - 1)$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) \cdot 2}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Cancel the common factors.

Factor $x - 1$ out of ${(x - 1)}^{2}$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) \cdot 2}{(x - 1) (x - 1)}$

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{(x - 1) \cdot 2}{(x - 1) (x - 1)}$

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{2}{x - 1}$

Simplify (x+1)/(2x-2)-(x-1)/(2x+2)-2/(1-x^2)

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